There are two types of Maps available
in dynamics AX
1. X++ Maps: it can be used as a temp data store for the given scope
of a process. This takes us less over head, and is much quicker than a TempTable.
For
Further reading
2. AOT Maps: A map can unify the access to similar columns and methods
that are present in multiple tables. You associate a map field with a field in
one or more tables. This enables you to use the same field name to access
fields with different names in different tables. Methods on maps enable you to
create or modify methods that act on the table fields that the map references. 
